What a neat question. For this we need to assume that we are looking at an average person of around 75 Kg and 1.80m height. Also that they are rest. Under these conditions it would take a single blood cell, assuming it did not get used or deposited elsewhere just under 60s to travel around the body. So if we double the heart rate from 70 bpm at rest to 140 bpm during moderate intensity exercise we could be looking at around 30s to get round the body.
At rest, it would probably take about 1 minute. Most adults have about 5 litres of blood and cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute) is about 5L/min. But if you are exercising it could be a lot quicker!
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